This study aims to offer an original contribution to the fields of the history of sociology and the sociology of religion by examining the religious understanding of Auguste Comte, one of the founding figures of sociology, with a particular focus on his thoughts regarding Islam. The study is a descriptive and theoretical text; it is an analysis based on conceptual analysis methods that examines Comte’s thoughts on the sociology of religion and Islam within a theoretical framework. Religion holds a significant place in both Comte’s sociological system and his personal life. Although he did not affiliate with any traditional religion and explicitly rejected belief in supernatural entities, religion remained an indispensable element for him. According to Comte, religion is one of the most essential institutions that organize social life. However, in the positivist future he envisioned, there would be no place for “traditional” religions. Instead, a single religion purified of supernatural elements—capable of ensuring social cohesion and universality—would prevail: the “Religion of Humanity” or “Positive Religion.” In this construct, which takes the form of a “secular” religion, Comte paid particular attention to Islam and Christianity/Catholicism, which he regarded as precursors to the Religion of Humanity. Comte saw Christianity/Catholicism and Islam as religions that were both oppositional and complementary. In his view, the legacy of the Roman world had been divided between these two religions. As a result of this division, Catholicism in one era and Islam in another played significant roles in the development of humanity. At this point, Comte’s views on Islam can also be understood in conjunction with his interpretation of Catholicism. According to Comte, these two universalist religions were unable to overcome one another; following their power struggle, the boundaries between Islam and Catholicism became clearer, and both religions began to lose their claims to universality, entering a process of dissolution. From that point forward, positivism began to construct the universal religion humanity needed. As evident in his texts, despite the limited means of his time, he reflected on Islam, conducted research, and sought intellectual nourishment from it. Comte’s views on Islam can essentially be summarized in three points: its contribution to science, its role in maintaining social order, and its impact on the progress of humanity. However, these views were not in fact an independent effort, but rather were interwoven within his broader reflections on the history and evolution of humanity. By seeking to discover the laws of history and society, Comte aimed to find solutions to the social crises of his own time. Comte studied Islam both as a sociologist and as the self-proclaimed priest of the Religion of Humanity. However, by his own admission, the prejudice he held toward Islam occasionally distanced him from a scientific perspective. He was primarily concerned with the social and political dimensions of Islam, while avoiding its theological aspects. Although in his early writings he claimed that Islam had not played a significant role in the development of humanity, he later abandoned this view and came to regard Islam as one of the most important forerunners of the Religion of Humanity. According to him, Islam is the only religion in the East that could independently prepare the ground for positivism. For this reason, Islam would be able to transition directly to the positive stage without needing to pass through a metaphysical phase. Since the Religion of Humanity also encompasses the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, Muslims would not find this transition difficult. In fact, according to Comte, Muslims would facilitate the transition to the positive stage. Revealing how Comte evaluated the potential role of Islam’s social and political dimensions in the transition to positivism is of particular importance for the sociology of religion and for sociological thought in general.