This study explores the social position and identity construction processes of the Turkish and Tatar Muslim minority communities residing primarily in the Dobruja region of Romania, considering historical, sociological, and political dimensions. As bearers of the Ottoman legacy, these communities possess a long-standing historical continuity; however, they have encountered significant identity ruptures since the early 20th century due to shifting borders, nationalist policies, and the practices of the communist regime. The post-1989 transition to democracy and pluralism, despite signaling a new era, has proven insufficient in bringing about a substantial transformation in their societal status. The research reveals that the identity struggle of the Muslim minority extends beyond mere cultural and religious affiliations, encompassing demands for political representation, public visibility, and equal access to rights. Assimilationist pressures within the education system, constraints on the autonomy of religious institutions, stereotyping in the media, and exclusionary tendencies in the labor market continue to fuel this ongoing struggle. It is further observed that discriminatory practices generated by both state policies and societal perceptions have intensified experiences of vulnerability at both individual and collective levels. Although Romania has made legal strides in the realm of minority rights, particularly in alignment with its European Union accession process, practical implementation remains largely ineffective in the face of dominant societal norms. This discrepancy has led to the emergence of redefined identities among younger generations of Muslims, marked by hybrid forms of belonging and growing tensions between traditional structures and individual freedoms. The primary aim of this research is to assess the current social status of the Muslim minority in Romania within its historical context and to analyze the processes of identity formation in relation to the structural inequalities that shape them. A qualitative research framework has been adopted, utilizing historical documents, field observations, and contemporary literature to conduct a multidimensional analysis. The findings indicate that the layered experiences of the Muslim minority in Romania not only reflect a localized phenomenon but also offer significant insights into minority-nationalism dynamics across Eastern Europe. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive account of the Muslim community’s ongoing struggle for social recognition, political participation, and the preservation of its identity.