This study, situated within the discipline of philosophy of religion, examines Baruch Spinoza’s critique of the Holy Scripture as presented in his Theological-Political Treatise (Tractatus Theologico-Politicus), and evaluates this critique in light of its philosophical, theological, and historical underpinnings. Spinoza asserts that the sacred texts should not be regarded as the direct speech of God, but rather as historical compositions authored by various prophets and scribes across time. Therefore, their interpretation must rely not on metaphysical assumptions or clerical authority, but on rigorous philological and historical analysis. Spinoza’s central aim is to undermine dogmatic interpretations that disregard context and to challenge the transformation of religious authority into political power. For Spinoza, re-reading the Scripture from a critical perspective is not only a philosophical necessity but also an ethical and political imperative. Within this framework, he criticizes Mūsā b. Maymūn (Maimonides) for subordinating philosophy to religion and Yahūdā b. al-Fakhar for confining interpretation within the internal consistency of the text. According to Spinoza, Scripture cannot serve as a guide for philosophy, as its function is not to reveal truth but to ensure obedience. The absolutization of scriptural authority leads to the suppression of reason and the erosion of intellectual freedom. Hence, Spinoza’s critique is not confined to a theological domain but extends into the political realm: in his view, the formation of free individuals and democratic societies depends on the desacralization of sacred texts and their transformation into objects of critical inquiry. His approach may thus be seen as a precursor to modern secular hermeneutics and rationalist political thought. Furthermore, Spinoza’s project is not merely about personal liberation of conscience, but also about reconstructing the public sphere on the basis of reason. The methodology of this study involves textual analysis and comparative interpretation of thinkers, enriched with direct references from TTP and other relevant writings by Spinoza. The study also incorporates secondary literature to contextualize Spinoza’s arguments within broader philosophical and theological traditions. Spinoza’s critique of the Holy Scripture is not only a textual and hermeneutic exercise but also an act of intellectual resistance against dogmatic theology, institutionalized religious authority, and ideological domination. His hermeneutic method emerges as a philosophical intervention aimed not solely at understanding the meaning of the text, but at affirming the autonomy of the individual and protecting the conditions of freedom—both personal and collective. In this regard, Spinoza’s treatment of Scripture is emblematic of a broader struggle to emancipate thought from theological coercion and to secure the philosophical foundations of critical reason.